Machine: Minimalist Derivations

Examples:

Basic sentence patterns: expand

Derivation by Phase (Chomsky 2001): expand

On Phases (Chomsky, 2008): expand

T-to-C Movement: Causes and Consequences. Pesetsky & Torrego (2001). expand

Explaining TH/EX (Sobin, ms.) and TH/EX, Agreement, and Case in Expletive Sentences (Sobin, Syntax: to appear). expand

Computation with doubling constituents: Pronouns and antecedents in Phase Theory. (Fong & Ginsberg, 2002). expand

Test cases from A Course in GB Syntax (Lasnik & Uriagereka,1988). expand

Arabic examples expand

Japanese examples (Miyagawa 2001) collapse

Example Instruction stream (clickable) Notes
(1a) 鬼が花子を食った
oni-ga hanako-o kuu-ta
ogre-NOM hanako-ACC eat-PAST
(1b) 花子を鬼が食った
hanako-o oni-ga kuu-ta
hanako-ACC ogre-NOM eat-PAST
"The ogre ate Hanako"
[hanako, d, kuu, 'v*', [oni, d], 'Tpast', c] Basic subject/object scrambling.
Allow internal Merge to edge of T from either subject or object position.
(2a) 花子がサムにメールをした
hanako-ga samu-ni mēru-o suru-ta
hanako-NOM Sam-DAT mail-ACC do-PAST
(2b) メールを花子がサムにした
mēru-o hanako-ga samu-ni suru-ta
mail-ACC hanako-NOM Sam-DAT do-PAST
(2c) サムに花子がメールをした
samu-ni hanako-ga mēru-o suru-ta
Sam-DAT hanako-NOM mail-ACC do-PAST
"Hanako sent Sam an email"
[samu, d, suru, v, ['mēru', d], 'v*', [hanako, d], 'Tpast', c] Ditransitive frame. No FocP. v values dative Case.
Base order: Agent Theme Goal
(Assume ni-marked Goal is lower than Theme.)
Undergenerates: only 3 permutations possible:
(a) Agent Theme Goal,
(b) Theme Agent Goal, and
(c) Goal Agent Theme.
(3a) 花子がメールをサムにした
hanako-ga mēru-o samu-ni suru-ta
hanako-NOM mail-ACC Sam-DAT do-PAST
(3b) メールを花子がサムにした
mēru-o hanako-ga samu-ni suru-ta
mail-ACC hanako-NOM Sam-DAT do-PAST
(3c) サムに花子がメールをした
samu-ni hanako-ga mēru-o suru-ta
Sam-DAT hanako-NOM mail-ACC do-PAST
(3d) 花子がサムにメールをした
hanako-ga samu-ni mēru-o suru-ta
hanako-NOM Sam-DAT mail-ACC do-PAST
(3e) メールを花子がサムにした
mēru-o hanako-ga samu-ni suru-ta
mail-ACC hanako-NOM Sam-DAT do-PAST
(3f) サムにメールを花子がした
samu-ni mēru-o hanako-ga suru-ta
Sam-DAT mail-ACC hanako-NOM do-PAST
(3g) 花子がサムにメールをした
hanako-ga samu-ni mēru-o suru-ta
hanako-NOM Sam-DAT mail-ACC do-PAST
(3h) メールをサムに花子がした
mēru-o samu-ni hanako-ga suru-ta
mail-ACC Sam-DAT hanako-NOM do-PAST
(3i) サムに花子がメールをした
samu-ni hanako-ga mēru-o suru-ta
Sam-DAT hanako-NOM mail-ACC do-PAST
"Hanako sent Sam an email"
[samu, d, suru, v, ['mēru', d], 'v*', [hanako, d], foc, 'Tpast', c] Ditransitive frame. FocP with EF above v*P.
Base order: Agent Theme Goal
(Assume ni-marked Goal is lower than Theme.)
Overgenerates: 9 permutations, only 6 distinct:
initial 3 same as (2a-c).
(3d)=(3g), (3b)=(3e), (3c)=(3i)

Input:

Goal:
Size: (x1) (x4)
Websocket: 8010 CONNECTED DISCONNECTED

Output:
(1a) 鬼が花子を食った
oni-ga hanako-o kuu-ta
ogre-NOM hanako-ACC eat-PAST
(1b) 花子を鬼が食った
hanako-o oni-ga kuu-ta
hanako-ACC ogre-NOM eat-PAST
"The ogre ate Hanako"

Stream:[[hanako!D],[d!case!N],[kuu],[v*!phi],[[oni!D],[d!case!N]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:[]
SO:[]

Step 1.

Merge [d!case!N] and [hanako!D]
Label from [d!case!N] (head with an unvalued uF)
Inherit interpretable [f(phi,[3,sg,n],_G1685)] from [hanako!D]
[d!case] values D on [hanako]
[hanako] values N on [d!case]
Stream:[[kuu],[v*!phi],[[oni!D],[d!case!N]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:[]
SO:[d!case[hanako][d]]

Step 2.

Theta-merge
Merge [kuu] and [d!case[hanako][d]]
Label from [kuu] (head merging with a non-head)
Push [d!case[hanako][d]] (unvalued uF) onto stack
Stream:[[v*!phi],[[oni!D],[d!case!N]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:[[d!case[hanako][d]]]
SO:[kuu[d!case[hanako][d]][kuu]]

Step 3.

Merge [v*!phi] and [kuu[d!case[hanako..][d..]][kuu]]
Label from [v*!phi] (head merging with a non-head)
[d!case[hanako][d]] values uPhi on [v*!phi]
[v*] values acc case on [d!case[hanako][d]]
Stream:[[[oni!D],[d!case!N]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:[[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:[v*[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]

Step 4.

Begin substream
Stream:[[oni!D],[d!case!N]]
Stack:[]
SO:[]

Step 5.

Merge [d!case!N] and [oni!D]
Label from [d!case!N] (head with an unvalued uF)
Inherit interpretable [f(phi,[3,sg,n],_G457)] from [oni!D]
[d!case] values D on [oni]
[oni] values N on [d!case]
Stream:[]
Stack:[]
SO:[d!case[oni][d]]

Step 6.

End substream, SO re-inserted into stream
Stream:[[d!case[oni][d]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:[[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:[v*[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]

Step 7.

Theta-merge
Merge [v*[kuu[d..][kuu..]][v*]] and [d!case[oni][d]]
Label from [v*[kuu[d..][kuu..]][v*]] (edge feature)
Push [d!case[oni][d]] (unvalued uF) onto stack
Stream:[[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:[pb,[d!case[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:[v*[d!case[oni][d]][v*[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]]

Step 8.

Merge [Tpast!phi] and [v*[d!case[oni..][d..]][v*[kuu..][v*..]]]
Label from [Tpast!phi] (head merging with a non-head)
[d!case[oni][d]] values uPhi on [Tpast!phi]
[Tpast] values nom case on [d!case[oni][d]]
Stream:[[c]]
Stack:[pb,[d[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:[Tpast[v*[d[oni][d]][v*[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]][Tpast]]

Step 9.

Merge [Tpast[v*[d..][v*..]][Tpast]] and [d[oni][d]]
Label from [Tpast[v*[d..][v*..]][Tpast]] (edge feature)
Stream:[[c]]
Stack:[pb,[d[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:[Tpast[d[oni][d]][Tpast[v*[d[oni][d]][v*[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]][Tpast]]]

Step 10.

Merge [c] and [Tpast[d[oni..][d..]][Tpast[v*..][Tpast..]]]
Label from [c] (head merging with a non-head)
Stream:[]
Stack:[pb,pb,[d[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:[c[Tpast[d[oni][d]][Tpast[v*[d[oni][d]][v*[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]][Tpast]]][c]]

Parse:
Spell-out:
oni d(nom) hanako d(acc) kuu v* t(past) c (frontier)
oni d(nom) hanako d(acc) kuu -ta (after morpheme realization)
oni d(nom) hanako d(acc) kuu -ta (after affix-hop)
oni -ga hanako -o kuu -ta (after morpheme realization, stage 2)
oni-ga hanako-o kutta  

Backtrack

Stream:[[c]]
Stack:[pb,[d[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:[Tpast[v*[d[oni][d]][v*[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]][Tpast]]
re-doing step 9

Step 11.

Merge [Tpast[v*[d..][v*..]][Tpast]] and [d[hanako][d]]
Label from [Tpast[v*[d..][v*..]][Tpast]] (edge feature)
Stream:[[c]]
Stack:[pb,[d[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:[Tpast[d[hanako][d]][Tpast[v*[d[oni][d]][v*[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]][Tpast]]]

Step 12.

Merge [c] and [Tpast[d[hanako..][d..]][Tpast[v*..][Tpast..]]]
Label from [c] (head merging with a non-head)
Stream:[]
Stack:[pb,pb,[d[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:[c[Tpast[d[hanako][d]][Tpast[v*[d[oni][d]][v*[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]][Tpast]]][c]]

Parse:
Spell-out:
hanako d(acc) oni d(nom) kuu v* t(past) c (frontier)
hanako d(acc) oni d(nom) kuu -ta (after morpheme realization)
hanako d(acc) oni d(nom) kuu -ta (after affix-hop)
hanako -o oni -ga kuu -ta (after morpheme realization, stage 2)
hanako-o oni-ga kutta  

2 derivations found.
Computational Cost:
Merge: 10, Agree: 8, Unify: 0, Push: 2, Pop: 0 Depth cost: 14
Step:0123456789101112
Stack depth:0011001333434

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